Honda Civic

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The Honda Civic (Japanese: ????????, Honda Shibikku) is a line of cars manufactured by Honda. Originally a subcompact, the Civic has gone through several generational changes, becoming both larger and more upmarket and moving into the compact car segment. EPA guidelines for vehicle size class stipulate a car having combined passenger and cargo room of 110 to 119.9 cubic feet (3,110 to 3,400 L) is considered a compact car, and as such the tenth generation Civic sedan is technically a small-end compact car, although it still competes in the compact class. The Civic coupe is still considered a compact car. The Civic currently falls between the Honda Fit and Accord.

The first Civic was introduced in July 1972 as a two-door model, followed by a three-door hatchback that September. With an 1169 cc transverse engine and front-wheel drive like the British Mini, the car provided good interior space despite overall small dimensions. Initially gaining a reputation for being fuel-efficient, reliable, and environmentally friendly, later iterations have become known for performance and sportiness, especially the Civic Type R, Civic VTi, Civic GTi and Civic SiR/Si.

The Civic has been repeatedly rebadged for international markets, and served as the basis for the Honda CR-X, the Honda CR-X del Sol, the Concerto, the first generation Prelude, the Civic Shuttle (later to become the Orthia), and the CR-V.

In Japan, as customers increasingly shifted to minivans and compact cars like the Fit, production of non-hybrid Civic ended in August 2010 when it no longer complied with Japanese government dimension regulations in the width category. However, the Civic was reintroduced into the Japanese market with the launch of the tenth-generation model in 2017.

Video Honda Civic

Background

After a period of developing idiosyncratic automobiles such as the lukewarmly received domestic Honda 1300, Honda considered pulling out of automobile manufacturing altogether by the early 1970s. However, the more conventional Civic's release in 1972 immediately changed things, thanks to its economy, reliability and low cost in an era of rising fuel prices. Honda's CVCC technology helped it make it affordable, meeting 1970s and early 1980s emission standards without an expensive catalytic converter.

Maps Honda Civic

First generation (1972-1979)

The first generation Honda Civic was introduced on 11 July 1972, but sold as a 1973 model in Japan. It was equipped with a 1,169 cc (71.3 cu in) four-cylinder water-cooled engine and featured front power disc brakes, reclining vinyl bucket seats, simulated wood trim on the dashboard, as well as optional air conditioning and an AM/FM radio. The Civic was available as a coupe, both a three- and a five-door hatchback, as well as a five-door station wagon. Due to the 1973 oil crisis, consumer demand for fuel efficient vehicles was high, and due to the engine being able to run on either leaded or unleaded fuel, it gave drivers fuel choice flexibility over other vehicles. The CVCC engine debuted in 1975 and had a head design that allowed for more efficient combustion, and as a benefit the CVCC system did not require a catalytic converter or unleaded fuel to meet 1975 Environmental Protection Agency emissions standards for hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. The Civic was joined by a platform expansion of the three-door hatchback, called the Honda Accord in 1976.

src: st.motortrend.com

Second generation (1979-1983)

The second generation Honda Civic was introduced in June 1979 as a 1980 model. It was larger, had a more angular shape, and came with increased engine power. All Civic engines now used the CVCC design, which added a 3rd valve per cylinder; this introduced lean burn swirl technology. The base 1335 cc ("1300") engine made 55 hp (41 kW; 56 PS), with an optional 1488 cc ("1500") engine producing 67 hp (50 kW; 68 PS). Three transmissions were offered: a four-speed manual (on base models), a five-speed manual, and a two-speed semi-automatic Honda had previously called the "Hondamatic". The second generation Civic was offered as a three-door hatchback, a four-door sedan, a five-door hatchback and a five-door wagon.

src: www.topgear.com

Third generation (1983-1987)

The third generation was released in September 1983 for the 1984 model year. The separate five-door hatchback and wagon models were merged into a four-door "shuttle wagon" or "wagovan" sometimes referred to colloquially as a "breadbox" due to its appearance, called the Honda Civic Shuttle. An additional two-seat coupe style--labeled CRX--was introduced, noted for its compact dimensions and light weight. The third generation Civic saw the introduction of the long running four-cylinder D series engine including a new 1.5 L (91.5 cu in) CVCC engine. 1984 also saw the release of a high-performance Si model for the Japanese market, featuring upgraded suspension and the 1.6 L (97.6 cu in) DOHC ZC engine which was rated at 130 PS (128 HP). Si models were offered in the US as a 3-door Civic Si hatchback and the CRX Si variant with a 91 horsepower (68 kW) fuel-injected SOHC 12-valve engine. A 4WD engine with different transmission mounts was introduced for the first time in 1984, and later upgraded in 1987. It delivered a fuel economy of around 28 mpg highway. The 4WD system was push-button operated until improved in 1987 when the rear wheels would engage automatically once the front wheels lost traction. This new system was called "Realtime" which used a "viscous coupler" connecting two propeller shafts between the front and rear axles. The manual transmission featured a synchronized 6th gear, called "SL", or "Super-Low", which was used for high torque at very low speeds. The "Realtime" idea is still utilized to this day but includes technological improvements since the first system. Starting with 1985, Japanese Civics were now exclusive to Honda Primo, with variants sold at Honda Verno and Honda Clio. A four-door version called the Ballade was built, under agreement, by Mercedes Benz South Africa, models were 1300, 1500, 1500i, and 1600i DOHC 1.6 injection.

src: www.chicagoautoshow.com

Fourth generation (1987-1991)

In September 1987, a redesigned Civic was introduced with increased dimensions and a lower hood line. A wide range of models and trim levels were offered for various markets around the world. The most notable of which was the Japanese market SiR (featuring the B16A DOHC VTEC engine). All U.S. models featured electronic fuel injection, but carbureted models were still available elsewhere. The fourth generation saw the introduction of a fully independent rear suspension across the entire model range. In addition, the Honda CRX continued to be part of the Civic family which included the HF, DX, and Si model in the U.S.A / four door version called the Ballade was built, under agreement, by Mercedes Benz South Africa / models were 1500 16v, 1600i 16v, and 1600i 16v DOHC. The first 800 cars produced at the then brand new Honda Plant in Aliston Ontario Canada were SE model cars. These Special Edition models included all white side molding that matched the white body and color matched dual mirrors. In the body molding was a wrap around blue stripe. Each car had interior upgrades as well as a chrome tipped exhaust.

src: hanabi.autoweek.com

Fifth generation (1992-1995)

Introduced in September 1991 for the 1992 model year, the redesigned Civic featured increased dimensions, as well as more aerodynamic styling. The wagon variant was now only available in the Japanese market where the previous generation wagon was carried over until 1995. The efficiency of the previous HF model was replaced by the VX hatchback which, with an EPA rating of 48/55 MPG, was Honda's most fuel efficient model sold at the time. In North America the Si featured a SOHC VTEC valve train, whereas the VX featured the VTEC-E. The Japanese Si featured a DOHC non-VTEC valve train D16A9. Continuing in the sporty tradition of the original Civic SiR, Honda sold several similarly equipped variants of the fifth generation car, still referred to as the Civic SiR, in Japan, Asia, and Europe. In South Africa, MBSA (Mercedes Benz of SA) built the Civic as the Ballade only in 4dr. A special model was the 180i with the B18B4, that was fitted to Ballade models. A new bodystyle was introduced with this generation called the Civic Coupe, based from the Civic Ferio sedan, and was sold in North America, Europe and Japan. The fifth generation remains popular among tuners and racers alike.

src: www.caranddriver.com

Sixth generation (1996-2000)

Introduced in September 1995 for the 1996 model year, the sixth generation featured updated styling although less radical than previous redesigns. Suspension and engine options were available along with their first Natural Gas Powered Civic, the GX. In the US, model year 1996 to 2000 the Civic was sold under the CX, DX, EX, EXR, HX, LX, and for Canada, SE, and Si trims; all base models were made with 1.6-liter engines. The EX-CX are all SOHC (Honda D engine). The CX, DX, and LX all have D16Y7 non-VTEC engines; whereas the EX has a D16Y8 VTEC, and the HX has D16Y5 VTEC-E. The USDM Si and Canadian SiR came with a DOHC (B16A2 VTEC). The first Civic Si coupe EM1 was introduced in 1999 until 2000. Europe saw a DOHC 1.6 VTi hatch and sedan and a DOHC 1.8L engine was available for the Domani related five-door liftback and estate.

src: hips.hearstapps.com

Seventh generation (2001-2005)

The seventh generation was released in September 2000, for the 2001 model year. While the redesign retained the previous generation's exterior dimensions, interior space was improved in part by using a flat rear floor thus bumping up Civic to a compact car size segment. The front suspension was changed from that of a double wishbone to a MacPherson strut, in order to lower costs, as well as allow more engine bay room for the newly introduced Honda K-series engine. Power was also increased on some trim levels. The four main trim levels were DX, LX, EX, and HX. The Civic Coupe was no longer sold in Japan starting with this generation.

In North America, coupe and sedan body styles were available, except for the Si (SiR in Canada) which was offered only as a three-door hatchback. The rest of the world received three and five-door hatchbacks. The Type R was redesigned as well this time using a more powerful i-VTEC motor and using the three-door hatchback body style. This generation saw Honda introduce their first Civic Hybrid, powered by a 1.3-liter engine.

src: www.caranddriver.com

Eighth generation (2005-2011)

The eighth generation was released in September 2005, for the 2006 model year. For the eighth generation, Honda split the model into two different platforms, one for sedan and coupe, and one for a hatchback designed primarily for the European market using a simpler rear suspension from the Honda Fit and more aggressive styling. As of 2006, a total of 16.5 million Civics had been sold worldwide, with 7.3 million of them in the United States. Although the North American and the home market model differ externally, they are mechanically identical. The hatchback is available as a three and five-door. Both Si and Type R trim levels continued although the Japanese and European Type R, while sharing the same engine size, are mechanically different. In the US, an improved, sportier version of the Civic Si 4-door tuned by tuner Mugen was offered, featuring cosmetic alterations and changes to the suspension, wheels, slight exterior differences, and exhaust system. A Canadian only Acura model received a new nameplate, changing from the Acura EL to the Acura CSX. The end of this model generation also marked a hiatus of the Civic Type R in Japan, with no successor model until the later tenth generation, going on sale mid-2017.

src: i.ytimg.com

Ninth generation (2011-2016)

North American market

On 13 December 2010, Honda unveiled a sketch of the new ninth-generation Civic which was described as "energetic, sleek and aerodynamic." Both coupe and sedan concepts were shown on 10 January 2011 at the 2011 North American International Auto Show. The production version of the ninth-generation Civic (previewed by the concept) went on sale in the U.S. on 20 April 2011. In late 2012, Honda updated its Civic model with new exterior and interior trims for the 2013 year.

Honda's Eco Assist technology is added to most models, and became the first gasoline-only powered Honda to employ such technology in North America. It is an information system to help the driver adopt a more fuel-efficient driving style, and is proven to improve fuel economy by about 10% for Honda's hybrid vehicle in Japan.

All models now come standard with ABS (Anti-Lock Brake Systems), VSA (Vehicle Stability Assistance) and EBD (Electronic Brake Distribution). Further improvements include a new multilink rear suspension to further reduce road feel on particularly battered roads and highways.

Following its launch, the new model was widely panned by the automotive press due to the poor quality of its interior and ride, and for the first time, it failed to earn a Consumer Reports recommendation. In an unprecedented move, Honda made significant interior and exterior redesigns the following year to address these issues, but market share in the compact car segment showed a marked decline from the previous generation.

src: cnet1.cbsistatic.com

Tenth generation (2016-present)

The tenth generation Civic is based on an all-new Honda compact global platform. The sedan was first unveiled in September 2015, for the 2016 model year.

The tenth-generation Civic features a new fastback exterior design, with the rear C-pillar flowing into the tailgate. The front of the car features a new chrome wing design that flows across the top of the headlamps.

The interior of the new Civic likewise features major design changes. Unlike the split bi-level speedometer and tachometer of its predecessor, the EX and above trim levels of the tenth generation Civic consolidates these instruments into a fully customisable, all digital "Driver Information Interface" incorporating a 7-inch LCD screen positioned directly behind the steering wheel and in the driver's line of sight. The LX trim instrumentation consists of a large analog tachometer that surrounds a digital speedometer and other digital displays.

Civic variants include sedan, coupe, five-door hatchback, Si trims, and Type-R models.

src: www.prioritytoyotahampton.com

International marketing and platform derivatives

While the Civic is sold in largely the same form worldwide, differences in the name of the models exist between markets. In Japan, the hatchback Civic is just called "Civic" while the sedan model was called the Civic Ferio (Japanese: ????????) during the fifth to seventh generations. The sixth-generation sedan was also sold as the Integra SJ. In Europe and the United States, "Civic" generically refers to any model, though in Europe the coupe is branded the "Civic Coupe". A four-door station wagon model called the Civic Shuttle (also Civic Pro in Japan) was available from 1984 until 1991 (this brand name would later be revived for the mid-1990s Honda Shuttle people carrier, known in some markets as the Honda Stream). In South Africa, the sedan (the only model sold there until the 1996 launch of the sixth generation sedan and hatch) was known as the Ballade.

Other models have been built on the Civic platform, including Prelude, Ballade, CR-X, Quint, Concerto, Domani, CR-X Del Sol, Integra, and CR-V.

Also, at various times, the Civic or Civic-derived models have been sold by marques other than Honda - for example, Rover sold the 200, 400 and 45, each of which were Civic-based at some point (first 200s were the second generation Ballade; from 1990 the 200 and 400 were based on the Concerto; the 400 was the 1995 Domani), as was their predecessor, the Triumph Acclaim, based on the first Honda Ballade. The Honda Domani, an upscale model based on the Civic, was sold as the Isuzu Gemini in Japan (1992-2000), and confusingly the 5-door Domani was sold as the Honda Civic (along with the "real" hatchback and sedan Civics) in Europe from 1995 to 2000. In Thailand, the sixth generation Civic was available as the four-door Isuzu Vertex. The sixth-generation station wagon was sold as the Honda Orthia, with the Partner as the downmarket commercial variant. The seventh generation minivan model is called the Honda Stream. In Canada, the sixth and seventh generation Civics were mildly redesigned to create the Acura EL until the advent of the eight generation Civic, which was used to create the Acura CSX, which was designed in Canada. Honda Japan adopted the CSX styling for the Civic in its home country.

The three-door hatchback body style has been somewhat unpopular in the United States, but has achieved wide acceptance in Canada, as well as popularity in Japan and European markets, helping cement Honda's reputation as a maker of sporty compact models. Starting in 2002, the Civic three-door hatchback has been built exclusively at Honda's manufacturing plant in Swindon, England - previously the five-door Civic/Domani and the Civic Aerodeck (based on the Japanese Orthia) were built in this plant for sale in Europe along with the Japanese Civics. Accordingly, all instances of the current model (left or right hand drive, anywhere in the world) are British-made cars designed with Japanese engineering, except for the US-built two-door coupe and the sedan version built in Brazil for the Latin American market.

In North America, the Civic hatchback was dropped for 2006. The 2006 model year standard Civics for North America are manufactured in Alliston, Ontario, Canada (sedans, coupes and Si Coupes) and East Liberty, Ohio (sedans), while the Hybrid version is manufactured in Japan.

In Brazil, although being considered for local manufacturing since the early 1980s (it was illegal to import cars in Brazil from 1973 until 1990), the Civic wasn't available until 1992, via official importing. In 1997, production of the sixth generation Civic sedan started in the Sumaré (a city near Campinas, in the state of São Paulo) factory. The only differences between the Japanese model and the Brazilian model were a slightly higher ground clearance, due to the country's road conditions and adaptations to make the engine suitable to Brazilian commercial gasoline, which contains about 25% ethanol (E25), and the absence of sunroof in the Brazilian sixth generation Civic EX. The seventh generation production started in 2001, displacing the Chevrolet Vectra from the top sales record for the mid-size sedan segment, however it lost that position to the Toyota Corolla the following year. In 2006, the eighth generation was released and regained the sales leadership. Identical to the North American version, it lacks options such a moonroof, and standard security equipment like VSA and side and curtain airbags were removed due to lack of car safety laws in the Mercosur. Furthermore, the Brazilian subsidiary began producing flex-fuel versions for the Civic and the Fit models, capable of running on any blend of gasoline (E20 to E25 blend in Brazil) and ethanol up to E100.

src: fitzdecarts.com

Safety

USA

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in the USA has determined frontal crash test ratings of Honda Civics of different model years.

The eighth-generation Civic sedan's crash test performance has been rated highly by both the US government's NHTSA and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety. The IIHS awarded the Civic sedan with a rating of "good" on both frontal and side impact crash tests and lists the Civic as the second-best 2007 small car in overall crashworthiness. The Civic coupe is rated "acceptable" in the side impact test.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash test ratings

Frontal impact:

Side impact front seat:

Side impact rear seat:

Rollover:

Australia

In Australia, 1984-2005 Civics were assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 on their level of occupant protection regardless of size or era.

• (1984-1987) - "significantly worse than average"
• (1988-1991) - "average"
• (1992-1995) - "average"
• (1996-2000) - "better than average"
• (2001-2005) - "average"

src: shop.honda.com

Modifications and enthusiast community

Despite being a modest car, the Civic is popular as a platform for modification and customization by the enthusiast community. Starting with the fourth generation and continuing through the 2000 model year, Civics had front double wishbone suspension and rear semi-trailing arm suspension. Ready parts interchangeability allows easy engine swaps (primarily with more powerful B16A (Civic SI), B18C (Acura Integra GSR), and various K20 Civic motors) and many other upgrades.

More recent seventh and eighth generation Civics, now rated as compacts rather than subcompacts, remain generally attractive as tuner projects in spite of added weight (mostly due to U.S. government safety mandates, such as airbags and ABS) and higher centers of gravity. Particularly unwelcome among the tuner community was the replacement of the front double-wishbone suspension with MacPherson struts, which provide inferior handling primarily due to limited dynamic camber angle control.

src: automobiles.honda.com

Awards

Honda Civic EX was International Car of the Year in 2005. From 1972 to 1974, the Civic was awarded Car of the Year Japan. In 1973, the Civic ranked third in the European Car of the Year awards, the highest ranking for a Japanese vehicle at that time. It also was awarded the U.S. Road Test magazine's "1974 Car of the Year." The Civic was the Motor Trend Import Car of the Year for 1980 as well as its 2006 Car of the Year. In 2006, the Civic earned the 2007 "Semperit Irish Car of the Year" title. In 1996, Automobile Magazine honored the Civic as its Automobile of the Year. The Civic has been on Car and Driver magazine's yearly Ten Best list six times, in 1985, 1988-91, and 1996. The Civic Si was named "Best New Sport Car" and the sedan was named "Best New Economy Car" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards. The Civic also won the North American Car of the Year and the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) Car of the Year awards for 2006. In November 2006, the Civic received the prestigious "Car of The Year" award from Brazilian magazine Auto Esporte. The four-door Civic VXi sedan won the South African Car of the Year award for 2007.

src: i.ytimg.com

Racing

Touring car racing

Civics have been used for racing ever since their introduction.

Civics contested the Up to 1300cc class in the Bathurst 1000 touring car race at Bathurst in Australia each year from 1973 to 1976, with a best placing of second in class in both 1974 and 1976.

In recent years the Civic has been used in a wide variety of racing series, particularly in Japan. It is also used in touring car races in Europe and the United States. The Civic has been used in the UK in endurance series by teams such as Barwell Motorsport and Cartek Motorsport.

In 2002 JAS Motorsport entered the European Touring Car Championship (ETCC) with a Super 2000 spec Civic and was used until restart season of the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) in 2005.

In December 2005, on the date of the new 2006 Civic Si's launch in the USA, Honda's R&D Engineering Team completed 645 laps in an eighth generation Civic Si coupe (FG2) to place first in the E1 class of the famous '25 Hours of Thunderhill' marathon race. The drivers on Honda's team were Road & Track journalist Kim Wolfkill, Lee Niffenegger, Chad Gilsinger, Sage Marie, John Sherk, Rich Hays, Andrew Frame, Matt Staal and Car and Driver journalist Tony Swan.

BTCC

In the UK, the Civic has been used in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) for several years and is still highly competitive. The Civic Type R made its debut in the 2002 season with the 'Works' team run by Arena Motorsport. Built to BTC-T specifications, it gained the team third in the manufacturers championship. In the same year Synchro Motorsport won the BTCC Production Teams Championship with a pair of Civic Type Rs.

The 2003 season saw the 'works' team Civics secure an impressive second in the manufacturers championship. The 2003 BTCC Production Teams Championship also went to the Civic again, this time in the hands of Barwell Motorsport.

Such was the competitiveness of the Civic in its first two-season, 2004 saw five teams enter Civics, allowing the model to secure second in the manufacturers championship.

Although manufacturer support from Honda for the BTCC ended in 2005, several teams still found success running the Civic in 2005 and 2006.

For the 2007 BTCC season, Team Halfords ran the new eighth-generation Honda Civics, built to the latest S2000 regulations, for Matt Neal and Gordon Shedden with limited success and continued to use the Civic into the 2008 and 2009 season. In both 2007 and 2008, the Civic allowed the team to finish 3rd in the Teams championship, behind the two manufacturer backed teams.

In 2010 Honda returned to the BTCC as a 'works' team with Team Dynamics using Civics to win the 2010 manufacturers championship.

In 2011 the team returns with its Civic to defend its Team and Manufacturers championship again with the Neil and Shedden pairing.

Honda Racing Team swapped to the brand new ninth generation Honda Civic, built fully to NGTC rules, for the 2012 BTCC season. They are the first manufacturer backed team to announce their intention to run fully to the NGTC specification. The drivers continue to be Matt Neal and Gordon Shedden, who are the 2011 and 2012 BTCC driver champions respectively. Andrew Jordan, driving for his family-run Eurotech Racing team, won the BTCC title in 2013 in their NGTC Civic, whilst Honda retained the manufacturer's championship. However, in 2014, Honda were unable to retain their title, which was won instead by MG.

WTCC

Honda announced plans to enter the 2012 World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) with a racer built on the 2012 Euro Civic five-door hatchback. The car is powered by a 1.6-liter turbocharged engine, developed by Honda R&D, and would later race in Japan, China and Macau before a two car team joined the 2013 championship racing. Honda won the 2013 Manufacturers' Championship in their first full season in the series, six races before the end of the season. However, Honda was unsuccessful in defending their title in 2014, as Citroën dominated the series in their first season.

Others

The car has also been used in the Japanese Touring Car Championship, and won the 2011 Asian Touring Car Series. It also competed in both the Touring and Super-production classes of the Russian Touring Car Championship.

src: www.autoguide.com

Sales

As of February 2015, 18.5 million Civics had been sold worldwide. With 7.3 million bought in the United States, it has been a top seller both there and in Canada, where it had placed No. 1 for 14 years through 2012. Recent studies indicate that the Honda Civic is the most popular car among millennial car shoppers, credited for its low price and small size.

src: shop.honda.com

References

src: www.caranddriver.com

External links

• Civic at Honda Worldwide
• Honda Civic at Curlie (based on DMOZ)

Source of article : Wikipedia

Fordham station

src: upload.wikimedia.org

Fordham (also known as Fordham-East 190th Street) is a Metro-North Railroad station serving the Fordham neighborhood of the Bronx, New York. Located on the Harlem and New Haven Lines, the station is 8.9 miles (14.3 km) from Grand Central Terminal. The platforms are situated just below street level and feature two expanded side platforms that serve eight cars each, on the outer tracks. The station building sits above the tracks on the Fordham Road (East 190th Street) overpass, and still bears the name New York Central Railroad on its facade. This station is among the busiest rail stations in the Bronx.

Video Fordham station

History

The New York and Harlem Railroad laid tracks through Fordham as far back as 1841, and a station is known to have existed shortly afterwards. The New York and Harlem was bought by the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad in 1864. A March 17, 1848 agreement gave the New York and New Haven Railroad trackage rights over the NY&H from Williamsbridge south into New York City. NY&NH was merged with the Hartford and New Haven Railroad to form the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad in 1872, and the trackage rights along the Harlem Division remained intact. This aspect of the line would prove to be of little importance to the station until the next century. Throughout the late-19th Century, the Harlem Division was widened and rebuilt into an open cut line as part of a grade elimination project, and Fordham Station was one of several in the Bronx that were rebuilt with a station house on a bridge over all four tracks, including Melrose, the former Morrisania and Tremont stations. The reconstruction of the Harlem Line in this area lead to the creation of Fordham Plaza.

Two major milestones of the early 20th Century brought an increase in ridership to the station. The Metropolitan Elevated Railway (later acquired by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company) extended the Third Avenue Elevated Line to Fordham Station, bringing a rapid transit connection on July 1, 1901. Pelham Avenue station was the northern terminus of the line until it was extended to Bronx Park Terminal ten months later. As a result, the Third Avenue Railway also began to operate from Fordham Plaza converting it into the major transit hub that it is to this day. Due to the popularity of football games between the Fordham Rams and Yale Bulldogs in the 1920s, joint service between the New York Central Railroad and New York, New Haven and Hartford was moved from Woodlawn station to Fordham, where it remains.

As with other NYC stations in the Bronx, the station became a Penn Central station once the NYC & Pennsylvania Railroads merged in 1968. Penn Central acquired the New Haven Railroad in 1969, thus transforming the station into a full Penn Central station. However, because of the railroad's serious financial distress following the merger, commuter service was turned over to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1972. To make matters worse, the connection to the Fordham Road - 190th Street station as well as the rest of the IRT Third Avenue Line was eliminated in 1973, although the station still had a major mass transit connection in the form of Fordham Plaza. The station and the railroad were turned over to Conrail in 1976, and eventually became part of the MTA's Metro-North Railroad in 1983. Metro-North extended the platforms to handle longer trains in the 1990s, and removed the luncheonette and other local businesses that operated from the station.

Major renovations to Fordham station were completed on November 22, 2016. The renovation's scope included a new entrance leading directly to Webster Avenue and 193rd Street, a new permanent artwork, and a rebuilt northbound platform. The northbound platform was widened from being just under ten feet wide to being nineteen feet wide. This was made possible with the acquisition of property from Fordham University. At the north end of the southbound platform a ramp was installed. Both platforms received rehabilitated elevators, new LED lighting, new benches and canopies, real-time information monitors, and public address systems.

Maps Fordham station

Service

Most service is provided to Grand Central Terminal by local Harlem Line trains from and to North White Plains. These trains run at least every half-hour on weekdays and Saturdays, and hourly on Sundays. However, during the reverse peak (outbound from GCT mornings and inbound evenings) through trains to and from Southeast also serve this station. On early weekend mornings and late evenings, a few local trains direct to/from Southeast stop here as well.

The station is partially served by off-peak New Haven Line trains coming to/from Stamford, and some peak trains. It is the only station in the Bronx that New Haven Line trains serve daily (New Haven Line trains do serve Yankee Stadium directly, using the Mott Haven wye, for some games). Grand Central-bound trains may stop at Fordham to discharge passengers; Stamford-bound trains may stop at Fordham to receive passengers, however passengers to/from Grand Central are required to take the Harlem Line. This is due to Metro-North's operating agreement with the Connecticut Department of Transportation. This station is the busiest reverse-peak commutation station in the country.

src: davidbrodherson.com

Neighborhood

This station is adjacent to the western end of the Rose Hill campus of Fordham University. It is part of the Fordham Plaza complex which is served by several Bronx and Westchester bus routes. The area is a commercial hub with many shops, especially along Fordham Road going west (known as "Fordham Center"). One Fordham Plaza, an office building with several shops, is located on the southeast corner of Fordham Road and Third Avenue, across from the bus terminal.

This station is located in Zone 2.

src: upload.wikimedia.org

Station layout

This station has two high-level side platforms each eight cars long. Both are accessible via stairways from the station building and from Fordham Plaza.

src: i.ytimg.com

Fordham Plaza Bus Terminal

The following bus routes serve the Fordham Plaza area; the Bx1, Bx2, and Bx34 local buses and the BxM4 express bus stop on or near Grand Concourse several blocks west.

src: upload.wikimedia.org

References

src: i.ytimg.com

External links

• Metro-North Railroad - Fordham
• Upcoming train departure times and track assignments from MTA
• Station House from Google Maps Street View
• Inside Station House from Google Maps Street View
• Platforms from Google Maps Street View

Source of article : Wikipedia

Honda Rincon

src: i.ytimg.com

The Honda Rincon is a model of small all-road vehicles manufactured by Honda. There have been two models, launched in 2003 and 2006. The vehicle is designed as a recreational all-road vehicle (ATV), rather than a utility or sport version.

Video Honda Rincon

Rincon Generation 1 (2003-2005)

Honda introduced the Rincon as their new top-of-the-line ATV using their largest ATV liquid-cooled four-stroke engine. The Rincon was the first ATV to feature an automotive-style automatic 3 speed transmission which shifts either automatically or can be switched to manual mode (called the Electronic Shift Program).

The vehicles also featured a number of other high end features, some for the first time on Honda ATV, including radial tires, a center hydraulic disc brake system mounted on the rear output shaft, and a fully independent rear suspension system. Also included was Traxlok, enabling riders to switch between 2WD and 4WD modes with a simple thumb-operated switch and a torque-sensing front differential that reduces torque steer for lighter steering effort in 4WD.

Available beginning in 2004 Honda added the GPScape model officially known as the TRX650GPS as an option which adds a built-in GPS unit contained within the instrument cluster assembly. The GPS featured storage for up to 100 waypoints, digital compass function indicating travel direction and an automatic compensating clock.

Maps Honda Rincon

Rincon Generation 2 (2006-2018)

The Rincon continues as Hondas top-of-the line ATV but starting in 2006 Honda gave the FourTrax Rincon an update in response to customer request. The Rincon 650 became known as the Rincon 680i when the engine size enlarged from 649cc to 675cc. Officially known as the TRX680F and TRX680GPS. Along with the larger engine, Electronic Programmed Fuel Injection (PGM-FI) was introduced. New colors including NaturalGear Camouflage were added.

New features included a rollover sensor to kill the engine in the event the vehicle is partially or fully overturned, front disc brakes, fuel injection, increased power output, improved fuel mileage, elimination of the manual choke and much-easier cold starting, automatic compensation at different altitudes, automatic temperature compensation, a shorter engine warm-up period, and smoother idle.

The manual fuel shut-off petcock was removed, with the PGM-FI an automotive style fuel gauge was added. When the fuel level reaches the E symbol a low-fuel warning light begins to flash letting the rider know that they have about 1.1 gallons of fuel remaining, or enough for approximately 28 miles of reserve range. Battery capacity was increased from 14AH to 18AH.

This model will be phased out after the 2018 model year and the Honda Rubicon Deluxe will become the top model in Honda's ATV line up.

src: www.hondaprokevin.com

References

Source of article : Wikipedia

Honda Jazz

src: i.ytimg.com

The Honda Jazz name has been used by the Japanese manufacturer Honda to denote several different motorized vehicles since 1982.

Video Honda Jazz

Automobiles

• Honda Fit - A five-door hatchback automobile introduced in June 2001. The vehicle is known as the Fit in Japan, China and the Americas. It is called the Jazz in Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, Southeast Asia, India and Africa.
• The European model of first generation Honda City, named such because Opel already used the City name at that time.
• The Japanese-market name for the badge-engineered short-wheelbase Isuzu Mu (Isuzu Amigo) (1993-1996), known elsewhere as the Isuzu Rodeo Sport, Opel Frontera, Holden Frontera, or Vauxhall Frontera.

Maps Honda Jazz

Motorcycles

• A 50 cc cruiser-style motorcycle introduced in 1986. The Jazz nameplate was also used on the (CHF50), and is currently on sale in Canada. The two models have no relation to each other.

Source of article : Wikipedia

Honda K engine

src: i.ytimg.com

The Honda K series car engine is a four-cylinder four-stroke engine introduced in 2001. The K series engines are equipped with DOHC valvetrains and use roller rockers to reduce friction. The engines use a coil-on-plug, distributorless ignition system with a coil for each spark plug. This system forgoes the use of a conventional distributor-based ignition timing system in favor of a computer-controlled system that allows the ECU to control ignition timings based on various sensor inputs. The cylinders have cast iron sleeves similar to the B-series & F-series engines, as opposed to the FRM cylinders found in the H-series and newer F series engines found only in the Honda S2000.

Similar to B series, K-Series car engine has two short blocks with the same design; the only difference between them being the deck height. K20 uses the short block with a deck height of 212mm where K23 and K24 block has a deck height of 231.5mm.

Two versions of the Honda i-VTEC system can be found on a K series engine, and both versions can come with variable timing control (VTC) on the intake cam. The VTEC system on engines like the K20A3 only operate on the intake cam; at low rpm only one intake valve is fully opened, the other opening just slightly to create a swirl effect in the combustion chamber for improved fuel atomization. At high rpm, both intake valves open fully to improve engine breathing. In engines such as the K20A2 found in the Acura RSX Type-S, the VTEC system operates on both the intake and exhaust valves, allowing both to benefit from multiple cam profiles.

Video Honda K engine

K20

K20A

Applications

Additional Engine Specifics

K20A

Chromoly Flywheel, Higher-Tensile Strength Connecting Rods, High Compression Pistons, Stiffer Intake Valve Springs and Exhaust Valve Springs, Higher-lift Hollow Camshafts with more duration, and 2007-2011 Cylinder Head Intake Port Surface Polishing and Exhaust Surface Port Polishing used in NSX-R. The JDM K20A Type R engine block would be removed from production assembly line by an experienced Honda engine technician to torque the connecting rod bolts to factory specification by hand using micrometer to measure connecting rod bolt stretching. Then the JDM K20A Type R engine block would be returned to the production assembly line to complete the engine building process.

K20A (Eco Performance Engine) Japan only

Similar to K20A3 and K20A1

• Found in:
  • 2002-2005 Honda Integra-(Type S)
  • 2000-2005 Honda Stream S (RN3) (Front Drive)
  • 2000-2005 Honda Stream S (RN4) (All Wheel Drive)
  • 2005-2010 Honda Edix (Front Drive and All Wheel Drive)
  • 2005-2008 Honda Accord Sedan (Front Drive and All Wheel Drive)
  • 2005-2008 Honda Accord Wagon (Front Drive Only)
  • 2006-2010 Honda Civic Sedan (GL)
• DOHC i-VTEC
• Power and Torque can vary by the Compression Ratio, Intake manifold, and Exhaust manifold
• Power: 155 hp@6500rpm ; 158 hp@6500rpm
• Torque: 138 lb-ft@4000rpm ; 140 lb-ft@4000rpm
• Redline 7200rpm
• Compression: 9.7:1 ; 9.8:1
• Bore X Stroke: 86mm x 86mm
• Displacement: 1998cc

K20B

• Injection Pressure: 10 megapascals (99 atm)
• Center Fuel Injection with swirl guide
• Air-Fuel Ratio:
  • Normal driving cycle: 65:1 (ultra-lean combustion)
  • Acceleration/High load driving cycle: 14.7:1 (Stoichiometric)
• Deep Piston Cavity formed in top of Pistons
• Application: 2004-2006 Honda Stream Absolute

K20C

Applications

Additional Engine Specifics

• Earth Dreams
• K20C1: First Honda Type R engine to be built in the USA at the Honda Anna Engine Plant in Anna, Ohio.

K20Z

Applications

Additional Engine Specifics

K20Z3 (as fitted to Ariel's Atom 3.5)

It has an aluminum block with an aluminum head. The K20Z3 has traditional performance VTEC cams on the intake and the exhaust cams. Variable valve timing technology is included on the intake but not the exhaust cams. The added valve timing control corresponds to the added "i" in i-VTEC.

Maps Honda K engine

K23

K23A1

This version of the K engine uses a Mitsubishi TD04HL-15T turbocharger with a dual path turbine housing, optimizing low end response while allowing better high end flow. Maximum boost pressure is 13.5psi. The engine includes iVTEC and VTC technologies and comes mated to a version of Honda's 5-speed automatic with SH-AWD (note: SH-AWD was standard from 2007-2009 and optional from 2010-2012).

Applications

src: silverdice.us

K24

K24A

Applications

Additional Engine Specifics

K24A2 (2006-2008 Acura TSX)

• Increased intake flow:
  • Intake valve + 1 mm oversize (Intake valve head measures 36mm, but valve seat still measures 35mm)
  • Intake cam High lift lobe with 0.9 mm more lift and 12 degrees more duration
  • Throttle body increased from 60-64 mm
  • Radius on some intake pipes increased from 70-80 mm
• Increased exhaust flow
  • Exhaust Head pipe increased from 60-65 mm
  • Higher flow catalytic converter
  • Main (single) exhaust pipe increased from 54-57 mm
  • Rear (twin) pipes increased in diameter from 42.5 to 45 mm
• Block improvements:
  • Additional air passages in crankcase for reduced pumping losses
• Other
  • Stronger connecting rods
  • New crankshaft with more counterbalance weight
  • Revised pistons with more valve-piston clearance
  • Under-piston oil squirters

K24W (Earth Dreams)

Direct Injection, iVTEC (intake camshaft & valvetrain)

[Please add accurate technical specifications] This section previously inaccurately suggested that the 2016-2017+ Acura ILX engine K24V7 and the K24W7 of the Acura TLX are the same engine, and although they may be very closely related, even sharing identical internal architecture and components, they actually are different engines with different Honda internal engine code designations. This may be strictly due to different transmissions, as the 2016-2017+ ILX uses its own specific 8-speed dual-clutch auto with a torque converter, as well as different exhaust, intake, and accessory packaging due to their differing chassis [the ILX sharing its basic architecture with the 2013 - 2016 generation Civic].

Applications

K24Y

Applications

K24Z

Applications

src: silverdice.us

References

src: vtec.academy

External links

• Honda engine pages: i-VTEC DOHC, 2.0L DOHC i-VTEC
• K Series VTEC Breakdown: K Series VTEC Breakdown

Source of article : Wikipedia

Honda CR-V (third generation)

src: upload.wikimedia.org

The third generation Honda CR-V was launched for the 2007 model year. It went on sale in the US during late September 2006. Unlike preceding models it features a rear liftgate rather than a side-opening rear door and no longer has the spare tire mounted on the rear door. The new CR-V is lower, wider, and shorter than the previous models; the length decrease is attributed mostly to the fact that the spare wheel no longer adds length to the back of the vehicle. A lowering of the center of gravity is another benefit of the spare wheel being located underneath the rear cargo area. The center rear seat pass-through was also introduced as a new feature on the third generation.

The third generation CR-V is powered by the latest version of Honda's standard K-series 2.4 L inline-four engine, similar variants were also found in the Honda Accord and Honda Element. In North American markets, this engine's power is rated at 166 hp (124 kW) at 5,800 rpm and 161 lb?ft (218 N?m) at 4,200 rpm. A 2.2 L i-CTDI diesel engine is offered in the European and Asian markets. The European market CR-V offers a new R20A 2.0 L petrol engine, based on the Honda R-series i-VTEC SOHC engine found in the Honda Civic, as opposed to the previous CR-V offering the K20A.

Honda offered an integrated Navigation option on the EX-L model. The navigation unit was made for Honda by Alpine and includes voice activated control, XM radio (in the USA and Canada), and an in-dash CD player that can play MP3 and WMA media. The media offerings also included a six-disc CD changer in the center console and a PC Card (PCMCIA) slot in the Navigation unit for flash memory MP3 or WMA files. A second CD player is positioned behind the navigation screen, which plays MP3/WMA cds. A rear backup camera was also included.

An iPod adapter was to be an available option on US models, but was only available as an add-on accessory. All CR-V models retained the auxiliary audio input jack, which is either on the head unit itself (LX), on the central tray (EX), or inside the center console (all versions of the EX-L, with or without navigation).

Video Honda CR-V (third generation)

Sales and production

For 2007, Honda CR-V became one of the ten best selling vehicles of the year. It overtook Ford Explorer, which had held the title for fifteen years (1991-2006), to be the best selling SUV in the US. In Canada, the CR-V was the second best selling SUV in 2007, behind the Ford Escape.

To meet demand, Honda shifted some Civic production from East Liberty, Ohio to Alliston Plant #2, Ontario (where some Pilot, Ridgeline, and Odyssey production was located until production was consolidated at Honda's Lincoln, Alabama facility) to free up space for additional CR-V production. Currently, the East Liberty plant is building 400 CR-V models a day for the Canadian and US markets. The U.S. market CR-V models are imported primarily from Sayama, Saitama, Japan and El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico in increasing numbers. In 2008, CR-V continued to be top ten bestseller and best selling SUV of the year in the U.S. Since its introduction in 1997, there were more than 215,000 CR-V sold in Canada.

Chassis code: RE1 (2WD), RE2 (4WD), RE3 (2WD), RE4 (4WD) RE5 (4WD), RE7 (4WD)

Maps Honda CR-V (third generation)

Safety

2008 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Crash Test Ratings

Frontal Impact:

Side Impact:

Rollover:

All models came standard with Vehicle Stability Assist. The Honda CR-V was rated "good" in frontal and side-impact crash tests by the IIHS. However it was rated "marginal" in the roof strength test. An analysis conducted by the IIHS and released in June 2011, found that the 2007-08 MY CR-V had the lowest fatality rate in its class and among the lowest fatality rates among all vehicles.

src: i.ytimg.com

EPA fuel economy ratings

Since the introduction of a newer, five-speed automatic transmission, which sports a higher MPG rating and smoother shifting, the manual transmission was dropped from the US market. Fuel economy ratings from the EPA are 20 mpg_-US (12 L/100 km; 24 mpg_-imp) city, 26 mpg_-US (9.0 L/100 km; 31 mpg_-imp)highway. Consumer Reports rates fuel economy as 19 mpg_-US (12 L/100 km; 23 mpg_-imp) city, 29 mpg_-US (8.1 L/100 km; 35 mpg_-imp) highway.

src: upload.wikimedia.org

2010 facelift

For the 2010 model year, the CR-V received style, powertrain, and equipment changes. The exterior changes included a redesigned front fascia with a new horizontal-slat chrome grille and honeycomb-designed lower front grille, new front bumper, and revised taillights. The rear bumper was redesigned, as well as new five split-spoke 17-inch alloy wheels for EX and EX-L models. The interior received minor changes, including seat fabrics, as well as wider driver and front-passenger armrests. The audio head unit controls were altered and the information display backlighting in the gauges was changed to blue, instead of the previous black. A USB audio input became standard in the EX-L trim while hands-free Bluetooth connectivity was exclusive to the EX-L trim equipped with navigation system. In 2011, a mid-level SE trim debuted with a 6-disc CD changer and 17-inch 7-spoke alloy wheels that came from the pre-facelift EX and EX-L trims.

Power was increased from 166 to 180 hp (124 to 134 kW) for 2010 and mileage improved by 1 mpg for both front-wheel and all-wheel drive models. The EPA ratings were 21 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 25 mpg_-imp) / 28 miles per US gallon (8.4 L/100 km; 34 mpg_-imp) city/highway and 21 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 25 mpg_-imp) / 27 miles per US gallon (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg_-imp) city/highway respectively. Recommended oil weight changed from 5W-20 to 0W-20 from previous years with a change to the K24Z6 engine.

The 2010 model year update went on sale in the United States in September 2009.

Pre-facelift styling

Post-facelift styling

src: www.thetruthaboutcars.com

Asia

In the Philippines the 2010 Honda CR-V is nearly the same as the USA model, but is provided with side-mirror turning signals. It is available in 4x4 (2.4 L) and 4x2 (2.0 L), the former having a five-speed automatic gearbox as standard. The top of the range 2.4 L 4x4 comes with leather upholstery and HID headlamps. All models have rear parking sensors as standard, but no sunroof or GPS fourth generation.

In Thailand, the Honda CR-V has 4 versions: 2.0S(2WD), 2.0E(4WD), 2.4EL(2WD), and 2.4EL(4WD). All versions come with a 5-speed automatic transmission. Navigator, DVD, and rear-view camera are standard equipment for 2.4EL(2WD) and 2.4EL(4WD) versions. The version with 2.0 engine has 150 Hps at 6200 rpms, while the version with 2.4 engine has 170 Hps at 5800 rpms.

In Indonesia, there are 3 variants of Honda CR-V: 2.0L M/T, 2.0L A/T and 2.4L A/T. The 2.4L A/T comes standard with single electric driver seat, Dual Automatic climate control, five-spoke rims, different level of interior trims and touch-screen enabled stereo system. All versions use FWD configuration. In early 2012, the third-generation Honda CR-V is updated with new front grille and minor interior trims.

src: upload.wikimedia.org

Europe

The CR-V facelift made available to European markets (as well as South Africa) features new added luxuries not previously seen before, and not available to Japanese, Asian, or American markets. Xenon (HID) headlights are available for the first time, as are 18-inch alloy wheels (19-inch optional), GPS/DVD navigation system, and a premium sound system with USB audio input. A panoramic glass moonroof is standard on upper spec models, and all models feature chrome exterior door handles. Externally, the vehicle also features complete body color-coding, on all lower body plastic cladding (models sold elsewhere in the world feature dark grey plastic lower cladding).

The 2.2 L i-CTDI N22A turbo diesel engine was discontinued and replaced by the 2.2 L i-DTEC N22B engine, increasing power output to 150ps, and meeting Euro5 emissions standards.

src: www.team-bhp.com

South America

In Brazil the CR-V third-generation was sold (imported from Mexico) with a 2.0-liter, 150 hp (110 kW) i-VTEC engine instead of the 2.4 used in other countries. The reason is that in Brazil the tax is higher for engines above 2.0 liters. The Honda Accord sold in Brazil had the same 2.0-liter engine.

In Peru the CR-V has different trim levels. The two most equipped ones are the Deluxe and the Platinum. These two, in contrast with the models sold in the USA feature chrome door handles, and HID headlamps. The Platinum version also comes with rear parking sensors, and 18-inch alloy wheels. It does not feature heated front seats because it is considered unnecessary due to the type of climate in Peru. There is no trim level featuring GPS. Trim levels: 4x2-L, LX 4x4, EX 4x4, Deluxe, 4x4, Top, and Platinum.

src: upload.wikimedia.org

References

src: 2.bp.blogspot.com

External links

• CR-V at Honda Worldwide

Source of article : Wikipedia

Start-stop system

src: www.car-engineer.com

This article refers to the automotive technology. For the use of start-stop systems in telecommunication, see asynchronous serial communication.

In automobiles, a start-stop system or stop-start system automatically shuts down and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce the amount of time the engine spends idling, thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions. This is most advantageous for vehicles which spend significant amounts of time waiting at traffic lights or frequently come to a stop in traffic jams. Start-stop technology may become more common with more stringent government fuel economy and emissions regulations. This feature is present in hybrid electric vehicles, but has also appeared in vehicles which lack a hybrid electric powertrain. For non-electric vehicles fuel economy gains from this technology are typically in the range of 3-10 percent, potentially as high as 12 percent. In the United States, idling wastes approximately 3.9 billion gallons of gasoline per year.

On a manual transmission vehicle, stop-start is activated as follows: Stop car and press clutch - move gear lever to neutral - release clutch - then the engine stops. The engine won't stop if the car is moving, even if the aforementioned steps are followed (note that this isn't true for all cars). The engine restarts when the clutch is pressed prior to selecting a gear to move the car. The engine may also restart if there is a demand for power from, for example, the air conditioning system.

Since automobile accessories like compressors and water pumps have typically been designed to run on a serpentine belt on the engine, those systems must be redesigned to function properly when the engine is turned off. Typically, an electric motor is used to power these devices instead.

This technology has also been used on Honda Motor scooters in Asian markets for the last decade. Their PCX 125cc model was released in 2010 to be sold in Europe with this technology, though their North American model does not feature it.

Video Start-stop system

Characteristics

Start/stop technology came to Europe first, due to regulatory differences. 25 percent of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) is spent idling. In comparison, only an estimated 11 percent of the United States United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) test is spent at idle. Start/stop activation depends on specific driver inputs as well as operating conditions. The engine must have reached proper temperature to get adequate light-off of its catalytic converter and also to ensure proper lubrication and as effortless a restart as possible.

With a manual-gearbox car, engine shutdown typically comes with braking to a complete stop, gearbox in neutral and clutch release. Cars with automatic transmissions shut down upon braking to a full stop - the shut down is activated by the footbrake pedal being in use when the car comes to a halt. If the car is slowed initially by manual use of the automatic gear box and final stoppage is by use of the handbrake the engine will not shut down.

Maps Start-stop system

History

The first vehicles to use this technology were the Fiat Regata "ES" with the City-matic system and Volkswagen Polo "Formel E" models of the 1980s. The Volkswagen Group also adopted it in the Golf Ecomatic in 1994 and in the Volkswagen Lupo "3L" and the Audi A2 "3L" in 1999. Though these early implementations were considered rather disconcerting by many drivers, and high pricing failed to yield these cars much commercial success, both the Volkswagen Lupo and the Audi A2 (in their "3 litre" leverage) were more efficient than any production car available in the US at the time of their release.

Since normes Euro 5, more and more vehicles include such system, whatever the price level. The Valeo system is included in Citroën, Peugeot, Smart, Land Rover, Volvo, while the Bosch system is included in Volkswagen, SEAT, Nissan or Fiat iwith various motorizations including essence and Diesel. In 2010, Valeo declared its second Start-Stop generation would appear in the same year. This new generation is called « i-StARS ». Bosch did the system works with automatic cars.

The Smart Idle Stop System Mazda system avoid electrical restart: at stop, the motor is stopped in a configuration which allow immediate starting in 0.35 seconds.

The ISG EcoDynamics system provided by Kia us Bosch, Valeo and Varta components.

src: www.briskoda.net

Carmakers and models

Bentley

Stop-Start technology was fitted to a Bentley for the first time in 2016 on the Bentayga model. Bentley's system stops the engine when the car is stopped or moving slowly.

BMW

BMW is including the technology across many of its cars and the MINI line for 2008 as part of its Efficient Dynamics brand. BMW has been interested in ways to reduce parasitic losses on engines, so the company took the technology a step further. Instead of using an Integrated Starter Generator (ISG), BMW has used an enhanced starter which is conventional starter, developed by Robert Bosch GmbH, that can withstand the increased number of engine-starts in a stop-start vehicle.

BMW has developed the system such that the alternator is not activated most of the time. This means that electrical components in the vehicle are normally running on battery power. When the battery needs to be charged or when decelerating or braking, the alternator is activated to recharge the battery (regenerative braking). Since this battery experiences very different load characteristics than a normal car battery, BMW used an absorptive glass mat type instead.

Due to the use of regenerative braking, some have started calling this type of system a micro hybrid, a step below a mild hybrid system where the ISG can be used to assist the engine or even drive the vehicle.

Citroën

Citroën introduced a more refined system in its C2 and C3 models by 2006, named "Stop and Start". The Citroën implementation combines a SensoDrive automated gearbox and an electronically controlled reversible alternator or integrated starter-generator (ISG). An ISG, also known as "integrated starter-alternator", combines the role of the starter and alternator into one unit; manufacturers include Valeo and Denso.

Fiat Group

Fiat introduced the Robert Bosch GmbH made system in the end of 2008 in the Fiat 500. Starting September 2009, Alfa Romeo also introduced this system in its Alfa Romeo Mito series utilising Fiat Powertrain Technologies (FPT) 1.4 L Turbo petrol MultiAir engines.

Ford

Late in 2010, Ford announced that its start-stop system, already used in its hybrids as well as several mainstream models in Europe, would be introduced in North America with the 2012 models, initially with 4-cylinder engines and later proliferating into V6s and V8s. Eventually the system will be available in all Ford vehicles.

In 2013, it announced that start-stop technology would be brought into the second generation Ford Fusion models, and it built start-stop systems into the Ford F150 2015 model for the first time as a standard feature rather than an option. Formerly, only the 2.7-liter turbocharged V-6 version came with stop-start, which requires a more robust (and expensive) absorbent-glass-mat (AGM) battery that can better handle the constant cycling and the heavier draw from vehicle accessories with the engine off.

General Motors

In 2012 General Motors released its Chevrolet Malibu Eco model with eAssist technology, which combines start-stop technology with regenerative braking and electric boost in certain conditions.

In 2014 General Motors announced that the Chevrolet Impala and Malibu would have a (non-eAssist) start-stop system across all models.

Hyundai

While both the Kia Rio and Rio5 share the same new direct-injected four-cylinder 1.6L engine with its cousin Hyundai Accent/Verna (also newly redesigned for 2012), Hyundai made no mention of this feature in their Accent line. Hyundai 1.4 manual has the ISG (Intelligent Stop & Go) system (in Israel).

Honda

Honda has been using the start-stop function for over a decade via their IMA mild hybrid system in first generation Insight models in the Japanese domestic market since 1999. and more recently on the Civic Hybrid.

Jaguar

Jaguar's Intelligent Eco Stop/Start was first fitted to the XF and XJ models in 2011 before expanding to the rest of the range.

Kia

The redesigned 2012 Kia Rio and Rio5 (hatchback) debuted at the 2011 New York Auto Show was announced with their Intelligent Stop and Go (ISG) feature, or stop-start technology.

Kia claims the combination of direct fuel injection and stop-start will offer 30MPG City/40MPG on the highway in both 6 speed manual and automatic transmissions.

Land Rover

In 2008 Land Rover fitted its Freelander with Stop/Start which could reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 10%. As of 2016 all Land Rover and Range Rover models are fitted with Intelligent Eco Stop/Start.

Mahindra & Mahindra

Mahindra's were the first in India to launch stop-start based Micro Hybrid system in May 2000. This involved home-grown technology and first of its kind component development like Hall sensor based neutral and clutch pedal sensors, and later a joint venture with Bosch for common rail based vehicles.

Mazda

The i-Stop system, Mazda's first start stop system, detects which piston is in the best position to restart quickest, which is the one in the combustion stroke phase, where air and fuel are in the cylinder, ready to be ignited. The mixture in this cylinder is ignited by the spark plug, forcing that piston down, and with partial-assistance from the starter motor, results in a near instantaneous engine restart time of 0.35 seconds.

In 2011, Mazda announced i-ELOOP, a system which uses a variable-voltage alternator to convert kinetic energy to electric power during deceleration. The energy stored in a double-layer capacitor, is used to supply power needed by vehicle electrical systems. When used in conjunction with Mazda's start-stop system, i-Stop, the company claims fuel savings of up to 10%.

Opel/Vauxhall

In 2010, Opel introduced Start/stop in their EcoFLEX branded models. The system is used with Family 0, Ecotec and MGE petrol and MultiJet, Circle L, and Family B diesel engines.

Sunny

In India car have been recalled by Sunny due to interference.

Renault

Renault introduced the technology in all of its European models in 2010.

Roewe

In 2009, Roewe's Rover 75 based 750 was fitted with stop-start as standard with the hybrid 1.8 Rover K-series engine.

SAAB

A Start/Stop function was fitted to the second-generation 9-5 in 2009. The button to control the system was placed next to the gearshift like SAAB ignition keys of old.

Suzuki

Some car makers such as Suzuki have one additional small 12V lithium-ion battery inside the car. The system is marketed as "SHVS Mild Hybrid System" (Smart Hybrid Vehicle by Suzuki) and available as an option in Ignis, Swift, Baleno in Europe.

Tata

Tata Motors introduced this system on their LCV Tata Ace.

Toyota

Toyota has been selling cars with start-stop system on their internal combustion engine vehicles since 2009, and since 1997 in their Prius hybrid line. Both Toyota and Mazda introduced stop-start technology, available also outside of Japan, in some of their 2009 model year vehicles.

Volkswagen

Volkswagen began using start-stop systems with the Polo Formel E with SSA around 1983. Later the LUPO 3L, and after that in the Polo, Golf and Passat BlueMotion, which also include weight and aerodynamic improvements. The system is now commonplace in the Volkswagen range, fitted to all vehicles with the Bluemotion Technology package, though certain other models have the technology too. For the Lupo 3L, with an automated manual gearbox and clutch, the engine stops four seconds after the car becomes stationary with the driver's foot on the brake pedal. No other action is necessary. Removing the foot from the brake pedal initiates engine start and the car can be driven away. The gear lever remains in the drive D position throughout. The same applies to the Audi A2 1.2TDi, which is almost identical mechanically.

Volvo

Volvo introduced their Start/Stop technology in 2009 under their DRIVe branding.

src: i.ytimg.com

Concerns

The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) raised questions about non-hybrid Honda vehicles equipped with the company's 'Idle Stop' transmissions in February 2001 due to concerns over the "sudden lurching forward of a vehicle in an automatic restart" - rather than the "gradual creeping forward found in current transmission designs."

Hybrid/electric assist vehicles experience almost no delay in power from a stop, due to the instant availability of power from the traction battery to the electric motor(s). Gasoline/microhybrids on the other hand generally experience slight delays (albeit fractions of a second).

Many people think that long-term use may induce additional wear due to lack of oil lubrication. For the crankshaft bearing half shells and the big end bearings this can translate into frequent high-speed rotary movement before a hydrodynamic film is established. During this phase of boundary lubrication, metal-to-metal contact can occur between the crankshaft surface and the bearing's sliding surface. This was not an issue while the number of engine restarts totaled at what was generally understood to be a normal magnitude. However, in a vehicle with start-stop system this effect can necessitate new technological solutions to avoid premature bearing wear, depending on the driving cycle. Consequently, future engines for start-stop applications need to be designed for 250,000 to 300,000 starts. Traditional bearing shells with aluminum or copper lining show severe wear after only 100,000 cycles. In a start stop system the short stop times keep the engine and oil warm, retaining lubrication. Some implementations do not use a starter motor, eliminating concerns of starter motor wear. Mazda i-stop used in their Mazda3/Axela line (in Europe and JDM) uses combustion to restart their engine by sensing the position of the piston in the cylinder. They claim quieter and quicker engine restart within 0.35 seconds.

Start-stop systems are heavily reliant on the battery. Testing indicates that AGM batteries diminish in their ability to support start-stop functionality over time. [1]. While alternatives exist (NiZn, Lithium-Ion, supercapacitors, PbC), virtually all automakers continue to use conventional AGM lead acid batteries.

Some car makers such as Suzuki have one lithium-ion battery inside the car.

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America

In America, it is considered that a stop-start system can save between 3 and 5 percent gasoline usage. While when stops and traffic lights are numerous for longs periods, savings can be 10 percent according to Ford. Nevertheless, some people assume savings are reduced to one mile per gallon (432 meters by liter). In the American market, it is considered it will be available in 70 percent of Ford's models, in all Buicks models, in some Cadillac / Chevrolet and the majority of Fiat / Chrysler vehicles Anyway, few American drivers have experienced the technology The reasons why Mazda has no plans to introduce the technology in the United States, even though Mazda has been offering it in Japan since 2010, American drivers say they turn off the Stop-start system.

Robert Bosch spokesperson considers that to be seamless. The technology to restart must be fast, smooth, with no noise and little vibration. The company has sold around 15 million start-stop units in Europe between 2007 and 2016. According to him, while you take your foot off the brake the car will start by the time you hit the accelerator. Because it's just a couple of a hundred milliseconds to start the motor. Also, several seconds are needed when vehicles are started with a key. The stop condition might depend upon several conditions. including sensors to monitor engine and cabin temperatures, air-conditioning, stop-and-go freeway traffic, battery condition. According to the Environmental Protection Agency half the people who have the technology would disable it. But according to Robert Bosch spokesperson "Once you get used to it, you'll wonder why the engine is running when you're stopped. It's like brushing your teeth with the water on.".

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See also

• Idle reduction
• Microcar

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References

Source of article : Wikipedia